Can you explain how Middleware works in Next.js 13+ and give an example use case?

Middleware in Next.js runs before a request is completed and can modify the request/response. It executes on the Edge Runtime (faster and closer to the user).

Example use case: authentication (redirecting users if not logged in), logging, or A/B testing

// middleware.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';

export function middleware(req) {
  const token = req.cookies.get('token');
  if (!token) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', req.url));
  }
  return NextResponse.next();
}

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